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Aerotek JSCo.
Wind Power Solutions
Videos of advanced new invented technical solutions of renewable energy converters see here
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Aerotek
TM -
Innovative VAWT and HAWT. Jet blade of propeller, Darrius
and Savonius rotors. New invented high efficient HAWT horizontal axis jet tip rortor blade turbine - see a video here. Description below is based on several patents and know-how of George Tonchev We are using Aerotek TM as a term to describe number of innovations and know-how developed by our team related the field of renewable energy that achieved high efficiency in the process of transformation of renewable power to useful electricity. Aerotek TM design approach is flexible depending on the specific conditions. A part of Aerotek TM innovations are presented in these pages. All Aerotek TM inventions & know-how based on the power analysis, detailed cost effective solutions and design of wind, solar, hydro and hybrid renewable energy systems. According to the issued and pending patents are developing number of advanced renewable power solutions that are presented on these pages. All my innovative technologies and related machines are designed by computer simulations and approved in the practice, before patent applications. Presented inventions based on the known physics, but not all of them are based on popular physics (e.g. air & water implosion). Every presented here invention combine several innovative solutions aiming a synergy effect. As an example see a video of the JET BLADE Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). See a picture of JET TORNADO TURBINE here! This invention exploits synergy effects of both jet self augmented blades and air vortex created by turbine rotation. JET BLADE Turbines are applicable as wind motors (see a video here) , also in solar photovoltaic parks, hybrid wind-solar systems in urban environment and for zero energy homes (buildings). For river and sea currents/tidal are developed number of moving water energy converters as low/ zero head stream turbine - see three videos: under water hydrokinetic plant , zero head water stream jet turbine and axial flow inclined axis river/tidal turbine Based on the JET principal are developed JET SELF AUGMENTED SAVONIUS turbines for stable water vortices caused by the spin of the Earth - see here. Several inventions are directed to the combination (hybrid) of a solar thermal (ST) and a photovoltaic (PV) device, each designed to capture energy in a different way, and to provide an assembly with better performance and economics than may result from the application of the two products separately (synergy effect). The main advantage of the presented innovative solutions (PV/ST co-generator see a video here) is that water (or water based fluid) is used as an infrared filter before PV. This way is prevented PV from temperature increase because of infrared sun rays absorption by water. Simultaneously both the water temperature and PV power output is increased. Overall PV/ST co-generator efficiency is increased up to 85-90 %. The overall efficiency depend on PV cells efficiency mainly.See more here.' Low cost innovative solutions of a reflector augmented PV module is presented here. An Intelligent control method of a PV-Wind powered LED street lamp with PV-power augmentation by solar reflector is disclosed here. Several new patents of hydrogen and hybrid cars see here See all Aerotek patent videos here.
High Efficiency Wing and Blade of Jet Turbines (Advanced horizontal and vertical axes wind and hydrokinetic turbines) As an example see VAWT video here. An example of the free stream zero head hydrokinetic power plant see here Jet blade turbines self start in very low wind speeds, and at the same time, self regulate rotational speed in mid to high winds; thus, leading to incredibly high power output and efficiency, while still being silent, stable, and safe. The main advantages of the jet blades of wind and hydro turbine are:
That is why the new jet blades are helping in both easy start and effective rotor rotation. Jet blades designs transition from a drag mode to a nearly pure lift mode, equating to a surge in power output of 5-fold. Particularly within the past decade or so, it is becoming increasingly clear that alternatives to fossil fuels to generate electricity are needed and that this need is becoming more critical with each passing year. The pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity has already created significant destruction to the environment resulting in global warming, which if not stopped or reduced significantly, could well lead to disastrous declines in the quality of life of billions of people around the world. The supply of fossil fuels is constantly being depleted, and as the demand for electricity continues to surge dramatically. In addition to nuclear and solar energy, the use of wind energy to generate electricity has long been considered and has already found widespread use. The supply of wind is unlimited, free in cost, widely available and free of pollutants. The conventional wind turbine electrical generator includes a group, typically three, of aerodynamically shaped blades mounted for rotation atop a tower. The blades are mounted at one of their ends to a hub, which, in turn, drives the rotor of an electrical generator. As the prevailing wind passes over the blades they are caused to rotate, which, in turn, causes the rotor to turn in the generator, thereby to generate electricity in a known manner. The electricity thus generated is collected for transmission to a local facility for further transmission along power lines to the consumers of the electricity. Although it has clear advantages over fossil fuel, such as its unlimited supply and freedom from pollutants, the use of wind power has thus far been limited as a result of the relatively high cost of generation of electricity and the relatively low yield for the monies invested in building wind turbines. One problem in the use of wind turbine technology to generate electricity occurs when the velocity of the ambient wind is too low to drive the turbine blades to generate a sufficient amount of energy. A second problem arises when the wind velocity is too great, which could result in the damage or even destruction of the wind turbine. When the latter condition occurs, the wind turbine is typically shut down until the wind velocity returns to normal levels. It is thus not unusual for a wind turbine to achieve only about 30% of its energy-generation capacity. Moreover, even at normal wind velocities, the efficiency of conventional wind turbines to produce significant amounts of electricity at competitively low costs is limited by the current technologies. As a result of the inherent advantages of wind turbine technology numerous attempts have been made over the past decades to improve the various elements of the wind turbine, particularly to improve the blade design, including the use of blades having hollow interiors. Although the efficiency of generation of electricity by wind turbines has steadily increased, it has not yet reached levels at which wind turbine technology can compete widely with fossil fuels.
There thus remains a need for an improved wind turbine that
can operate more efficiently at all levels of wind velocity,
thereby to greatly increase the use of wind turbine technology
as an economically viable alternative to fossil fuels in the
generation of electricity. The blade / turbine inventions Several inventions are focused on the new blade. The aim of proposed inventive blade and respective turbine is to increase the blade performance of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbine, hydrokinetic turbines, helicopter and airplane propellers and wings and of the under water wings, as well. The blade cross section is airfoil shaped (twisted or not) and is applicable for ducted and no ducted machines. The main advantage of the invented blade is a special design that exploits three types of rotational forces: 1. Air / hydro jet forces 2. Aerodynamic / hydrodynamic lift 3. Helpful drag forces
The blade is a
unique blade world wide. All wind turbines using the blade are
much more quiet in operation. Airfoil shaped jet blade of the horizontal axes impeller applications rotates by both aerodynamic lift and jet force. Jet blade can find applications in propulsion propeller rortors, as well. Airfoil shaped jet blade of the vertical axes turbine applications rotates by aerodynamic lift, jet force and by helpful drag forces. The enhancement of centrifugal force, respectively rotational jet torque depend on the rpm and rotor radius mainly and not depend on the flow turbulence in the practice. That is why the vertical axes turbine (with jet blades) operate efficiently with several coaxial rotors fixed around a common rotor shaft in both medium air and water. Also, close spaced vertical axes rotors operate efficiently by common drive train and common alternator in the case of electric generating applications. In one embodiment of the jet blade an airfoil shaped spoiler is attached parallel to the trailing blade edge. The spoiler reduced vortices after the blade and improved aerodynamic blade performance. In addition - the spoiler act as a conventional lift blade, as well. The centrifugal forces of rotation produce bending moments in the blades and their support structures of all type of vertical - axis rotor systems. The wind pressure produces rotor thrust. From this point of view, a highly desirable feature for the rotor of every type vertical-axis turbine is a sturdy resistance against centrifugal forces tending to bend the blades, against gust moments tending to bend the vertical shaft and to reduce the rotor thrust. The new invented blade converts partially (and redirect) centrifugal forces and increased wind pressure inside hollow blade in to rotational jet forces and simultaneously minimize rotor thrust. Also, the hollow blade with inside structure is more resistant to mechanical stress in the comparison with the solid blade. See video of VAWT with new invented jet blades. The turbine is applicable in solar photovoltaic park, hybrid wind-solar systems in urban environment and for zero energy homes (buildings).See all Aerotek videos here. Novel patents of jet blade VAWT allow to place invented turbines close together, which lowers costs and maximizes land use on a propeller wind farm. It is relative low-cost, low-maintenance turbines that generate profits rather than losses. Unlike other wind turbines that look like tall propeller fans, jet blade VAWT look more like paddlewheel frames lying on their side and stand just 15 meter high. Invented VAWT suited for near-ground locations that can be fabricated, assembled, and operated with local technology and personnel. Wind energy is one of the more promising renewable energy sources. Most wind turbines (windmills) are of the horizontal axis type (HAWT), but vertical axis wind turbines or VAWTs have some advantages for direct mechanical drive applications. Invented blade is finding a lot of applications of both HAWTs and HAWTs. VAWTs need no tail or yaw mechanism to orient them into the wind and power is easily transmitted via a vertical shaft to a load at ground level. Blades may be of uniform section and untwisted, making them relatively easy to fabricate or extrude, unlike the blades of horizontal axis wind turbines which should be twisted and tapered for optimum performance by peripheral arrangements according to the inventions. How to increase wind turbine output by high efficient airfoil blade Theory: An idealized airfoil, such as a flat plate of infinite span and a thickness approaching zero, when moving through a gaseous fluid, e.g., air, at a fixed velocity, and the surface of the airfoil is at a small angle, i.e., the angle-of-attack, relative to the direction of motion, the oncoming flow is separated into a flow of air along the upper surface of the airfoil and a flow of air along the lower surface. This bifurcation of the flow starts in the vicinity of the leading edge of the airfoil, and becomes confluent at the trailing edge of the airfoil. This Kutta Joukowsky hypothesis is acceptably accurate for the ideal airfoil, provided the angle-of-attack of the airfoil approaches zero. For much larger angles-of-attack, the velocity of the airflow over the upper surface of the airfoil is considerably reduced as the flow of air approaches the trailing edge. The air, therefore, separates from the wing simply because the reduced momentum of the air flow prohibits the flow of air to continue to the trailing edge of the wing and beyond. This flow separation results in loss of wing lift and can cause an aircraft flight safety problems. Severe causes of wing air flow separation is commonly termed "wing stalling". Practice: Practical airfoils, or wings, do not have infinite spans. Airfoils of finite wingspan, therefore, when moving through the air at a finite speed and inclined to the direction of motion, i.e., having a positive angle-of-attack, will be pushing down on the incoming air. The reaction of the affected air is to impose an air pressure on the lower surface of the airfoil and in close proximity to the wingtips to accelerate air upward and around the wingtip edges of the finite span wing. The air moved upwards in the vicinity of the wing tips, as the wing moves forward, forms a rolled-up vortex flow whose axis of formation is nearly parallel to the direction of flight. Because wingtip vortices are known to increase the drag of an airfoil and with it, a reduction in its aerodynamic efficiency, the reduction of wingtip vortices is a subject of continued practical interest. Airfoils moving in a rotational manner are also known to produce vortex flows off the edges of their distal wingtip, or blade tip. Due to the reduction in efficiency produced by blade tip vortices, airfoil shapes, particularly their planforms, are varied in efforts to minimize vortex production. Two or more airfoils rotating about a hub or axis of rotation can be termed a rotor or a propeller with the word propeller applied principally to the rotating propulsor providing forward thrust. Lifting structures can include the combination of a translational airfoil, a wing, and one or more rotors in close proximity to the trailing edge of the wing. Rotors in close proximity to a wing provide lift augmentation to the wing, drag reduction and stall resistance. If mounted and articulated, they may provide flap augmentation.Rotors surrounded or partially surrounded by the surfaces of a wing are known to interact via the vortex flow of their blades with the airflow of the wing. An example of this aerodynamic interaction is the augmentation of the lift of the wing of an aircraft by the interactions of the wing flow with flow of a rotor located in a semi-circular cutout in the rear portion of the wing with the center of rotation of each rotor located on what would otherwise be the trailing edge of the wing. While the above art provides for enhanced lift and reduction in drag to airfoils, there remains a need for significant basic improvements in the aerodynamic performance of wing-rotor systems, including wing stalling. New technical design architectures for vehicular embodiments and operation are required, including the synergistic combination of a wing, rotor and propeller for increased lift, reduced drag and increased thrust requirements. In particular, when compared to semi-circular cutouts, there is a significant fundamental need to increase the wing area ahead of the cutout so that a larger portion of the wing area from the wing's leading edge to cutout contour, is more favorably influenced by rotor flow. Accordingly, there is a need to move the axis of rotor rotation aft of the wing's original trailing edge thereby increasing the surface area of the wing ahead of the frontal section of the cutout contour. Further and most significantly, moving the axis of rotation aft of the wing's trailing edge also minimizes and possibly eliminates any potential adverse effects of rotor inflow on induced wing lift and stall resistance from that portion of the rotor inflow that is located behind the axis of rotation of the rotor.Each blade of a propeller produces a vortex flow that generally is not considered by those skilled in the art as a contributor to induced lift or induced thrust. There are geometric techniques, as stated herein, for propellers located in close proximity to wing surfaces that permit propeller blade tip vortices to augment wing lift and provide induced thrust.
Anagogic approach to hydrofoil blades of the water free stream turbines is also applicable. Vertical axis wind turbines ( VAWT ) Savonius rotor VAWTs (windmills) are simple and may have a place where the power requirement is only a few Watts, but they are inefficient and uneconomical for applications with larger power requirements. VAWTs based on the Darrieus rotor principle are potentially more efficient and more economical, but those with fixed pitch blades have hitherto been regarded as unsuitable for stand-alone use due to their lack of starting torque and low speed torque. This starting torque problem can be overcome by using variable pitch blades, but most existing variable pitch VAWTs, variously known as giromills or cycloturbines, need wind direction sensors, microprocessors and servomotors to control the blade pitch, making them impracticable for stand-alone, non-electrical applications. A simpler but less well known concept is passive or self-acting variable pitch in which the blades are free to pitch under the combined action of aerodynamic and inertial forces in such a way that a favourable blade angle of attack is maintained without the complexity of conventional variable pitch systems. Several forms of self-acting variable pitch VAWTs or SAPVAWTs have been described in the literature, several patents exist for variants on the concept, and at least two companies world-wide have attempted to commercialise their designs. However the aerodynamic behaviour of these devices has been little understood and most designs appear to have been based on nothing more than a qualitative appreciation of the potential advantages of the concept. Various known designs of wind turbine (windmills) structures include the common propeller blade type turbine, the so-called Darrieus blade type turbine. Further, various Darrieus-type turbine blade designs are disclosed in U. S. Patent Nos. 1,835, 018,2, 020,900, 4,112, 311,4, 204,805 and 4,334, 823. However, these Darrieus- type designs also have inherent deficiencies, including that only the middle one-third of their blade length (at least for curved Darrieus blade versions) efficiently creates power; that the farther the distance from a curved blade to its axis of rotation, the greater the likelihood, especially in large scale power generation units, of a Darrieus type unit going into harmonic vibration and self-destructing ; that all such Darrieus-blade type units are not self-starting, but need assistance in starting; and that in many wind conditions they can, on a periodic basis, use up more energy than they actually produce. Without proper controls and/or mechanical braking systems, Darrieus type units (like Savonius units) have been known to"run away" during elevated wind speed conditions. Further yet, there have been attempts at combining a bucket-shaped Savonius-type drag blade system with a Darrieus-type curved lift blade system, as found in U. S. Patent No.3,918, 839, and in Tanzawa, et al. ,"Dynamic Characteristics of the self-controlled Darrieus- Savonius Hybrid Wind Turbine System, "Proceedings of the CSPE-JSME-ASME International Conference on Power Engineering, Vol.I, (1995), pp. 115-121 ("Tanzawa").In U. S. Patent No. 3,918, 839, significant difficulties arose relative to the operational, i. e. , rotational, stability of the unit at high wind speeds. In Tanzawa, the addition of a Savonius bucket rotor to start the Darrieus rotor resulted in a reduction in the total turbine power and high braking torque at higher rotational rates. There were also the above-noted inherent problems present in all separate Darrieus and Savonius-type blade systems. Most available windmills designs have problems of excessive noise and vibration, often self-destruct in high wind conditions, some require separate start-up, braking or stopping mechanisms, and many are not considered safe, readily insurable or building- code permitted, at least not for use in congested urban settings. Thus, there has been an ongoing need for a wind turbine design that can be successfully incorporated into various building and tower structures, that produces minimal noise and vibration during operation, is capable of starting up and operating in each of low speed, steady, gusty, and high speed wind conditions, has a built-in self-regulation via an inherent structural geometry against over-speeding runaway conditions, is formed of blade designs that operate in essentially all wind conditions and produce moderate drag during full rotational operation, which is easy to manufacture and ship, and which can be housed in a safe operating package for use in crowded urban settings. The turbine blades act as wind/water brakes at unduly high wind speeds to prevent runaway conditions. The outer airfoil blades enable the hybrid wind turbine to achieve high rotational speeds and resultant high energy production efficiencies at upper wind speeds. Together the helical and airfoil blades help maximize harvesting of wind energy. The present hybrid wind turbine operates with minimal noise and vibration, particularly since the segmented helical vane members operate at a rotational (varying torque) rate that does not exceed the speed of the wind by more than three and a half times and with a varying profile that always presents generally the same overall blade area to the wind. (This is in distinct contrast to standard"non-twisted""S"rotors which, in essence, offer a alternating high-or wide-and then a low-or narrow-profile to the wind as they rotate.) This acts to substantially eliminate the"banging"noise and harmful action, especially in the support bearings, as found in many non-helical, non-twisted prior art Savonius-type turbine blades. The segmented helical screw blades, formed into two helical half wing blades, can be selectively formed with different numbers, and hence widths, of elongated vane segments, and with different spacing between such vane segments, depending upon the operational height at which the hybrid wind turbine will be mounted, and also upon the average annual wind speed available at that operational height. Additionally, both the cross-sectional shape of the outer airfoils, and their operational distance from the inner helical blades, can be altered for the same reasons. The inner helical blades can be alternatively formed as generally smooth-walled blades,i. e., formed via an edge-abutting or slightly overlapping series of flat panel segments but that in either case do not have edge separation during rotational operation. The crossed-helical blade (X-like) hybrid turbine is of universal axis such that it can be mounted horizontally, vertically, or at any other near vertical or angular operational orientation as desired, and as specific mounting surface conditions may require. It can be used in urban settings, such as a single generation point with minimal transmission loss, such as for a so- called"zero energy"building. The overall shape of the present hybrid wind turbine can be cylindrical, conical, frustro-conical, or other shape. Further, a belt-drive or direct-drive type permanent magnet alternator, a belt-drive or direct-drive type generator, or alternatively, a belt-drive or direct-drive type air motor can be used to harness and convert the wind- generated power from the hybrid wind turbine. The cross blade (X-like) turbine can be considered as a turbine with aerodynamic Savonius type blade. The basic differences are two; Blades are positioned on the rotor periphery and second difference in the comparison with Savonius rotor is that part of blade is holow aerodynamically shaped vane and other part is airfoil as every conventional Darrieus rotor blade (straight or twisted). Described advanced new blade design is wide applicable to every turbine rotor design presented at these pages. An important advantage of the new design is that is possible to optimize every blade by changing of the blade proportion, e.g. airfoil dominated or aerodynamically shaped vane dominated. For the self starting turbine at low flow conditions is preferable shaped vane dominated blade (drag dominated device) or twisted Darrieus airfoil blade domination (lift dominated device) with smaller aspect ratio. For the high speed turbine is preferable Darrieus airfoil blade domination or bigger aspect ratio of the turbine rotor. The turbine finds application in the utilization of the energy from the movement of the wind, water steams, liquids and gases under pressure to generate electric power, to pump the underground and/or river/ sea water, to compress different fluids (liquids and gases), to rotate flywheels and other devices that use for energy storage and/or for other power applications. The turbine includes blades, fitted around a vertical shaft. The blades rotate in the periphery of the turbine rotor. The turbine may also include two or more rings of blades to increase torque and power output. The present invention provides a substantially drag turbine with fixed blades which is easy to fabricate and which provides aerodynamic advantages. The turbine blades are like hollow, partially open, airplane wings. When fluid flow blows to the hollow blade side the turbine rotor operates as a drag device by drag force. When flow blows to the opposite (airfoil shaped) blade side the power of the turbine is increased additionally by generating of lift force and rotor operates as a lift device, partially. The helical twist blades improve the degree of the conversion of the kinetic energy of the driving fluid, especially in non-laminar flows, and help for a smoother turbine rotation. The blades can be also X-like crossed helical (spiral) blades aimed an improvement of mechanical strength and rotational stability. The turbine blades are fixed around a central drive shaft and formed one ore more coaxial rings. Each ring consists of open hollow blades ore closed blades. Both are shaped as airplane wings (straight or twisted). Double-rotor turbines (coaxial rings) or triple rotor drag dominated turbines can operate without additional air/water brakes. But lift dominated turbine even in two ring rotor design require additional brakes. The main problem of relative low efficiency of conversion of wind/water flow to usable power of drag dominated rotors can be avoid by using tall rotors (high aspect ratio) and relative small diameters. To increase the power converted of such applications is better to use double or triple rotor facilities, but not coaxial rotors e.g. tree separate rotors with a common power train and common eclectic generator / alternator or by hybrid electric generator. The multiple rotor turbine unit by tornado effect significantly increases unit efficiency. The rotors are closely spaced and drive a electric generator / alternator by a common drive train. The four rotor turbine unit is applicable for wind and free water stream energy converters. Unit rotors are with high aspect ratio, low blade numbers and low solidity. That is why they rotate relative faster even if they are with drag dominated blades. The unit is self starting at low fluid speed because of high torque created by four parallel operating rotors. Every unit's rotor acts simultaneously as flow energy converter and as a device directing flow to an optimal angle to the blades of the neighbor rotor. At high wind speed or high water velocity 4-rortor assembly act as air/water break and not alloy overspeeding. The common power train can increase rpm of the rotors to produce power by most efficient way. For wind application power train and electric generator are near to base mounted. For water application power train and electric generator are fixed over water. As wind generator multi rotor assembly is suitable for urban environment because is low noise, reliable and low maintenance unit and can operate as hybrid facility together wit photovoltaic, as well. The invented turbines and turbine units basically are cross flow machines and the vector fluid speed has to be orthogonal to the rotor shaft. But practically, in the cases of wind flow near the earth surface flow vector has a substantial vertical speed component and flow speed is not horizontal. In this typical case, when wind turbine rotates around own vertical shaft the longitudinal twist of the rotor blades generated additional spiral rotation of the air flow passing in the hollow side of the blades. The spiral rotation of the air is increased flow speed by vortex (tornado) effect. The said effect increased additionally power performance of the hybrid vertical axis turbine. The generating of additional lift force by rotor blades and possibilities for rotor operation in low flow speed (like every drag device) are main advantages of presented hybrid (drag/lift) vertical axis turbine. Unique double action blade design is a common innovative topic of all fluid flow converters described on these pages A presented turbine is capable to provide unidirectional rotation under a multidirectional ultra low-head fluid flow. À turbine assembly comprises an array of turbine units or modules arranged, vertically or horizontally, to harness, for example, water or wind power. For more see at www.tonchev.org Some of the results of wind tunnel and water channel trials to optimize the unique cross-helical blade windmill rotor are reported here. The design simplicity, omnidirectional wind acceptance, self-starting characteristics, and lack of a need for overspeed control encouraged the tests. The rotor aspect ratio, blade overlap, blade separation gap, the blade cross-section profile, and the guide vane attachment were investigated, together with the flow pattern through the blades. Two X-like bladed type configurations were examined. Every factor was found to significantly affect performance. High aspect ratios are favored for high wind velocity regions, while low aspect ratios are preferable in regions with low winds. Guide vanes augmented the power coefficient, which approached 0.42 at 4 m/s. In some of my books the power coefficient of a tornado-type wind turbine is descrebed for an incompressible and inviscid fluid with the assumption of radially equilibrium flow. A power coefficient based on the tower base area was chosen first. It is found that this coefficient mainly depends on the axial velocity allowed to be produced at the turbine outlet. A power coefficient based on the tower frontal area is computed next. It is found that our result is much more physically meaningful than that of Loth. Also, it is found that for the optimum value of the turbine outlet velocity, the ratio of the maximum power output of a Tornado-type wind turbine to the conventional wind turbine of the same size is proportional to the cube of the ratio of the tower to the turbine diameter. How to increase turbine electrical output by the implosion technology There are two basic variables in hydropower engineering that determine electrical output. They are the amount of water available and the velocity of flow. The first variable, the amount of water available, depends very much on location and is generally not subject to increase by environmental friendly human intervention. It is the second variable, the velocity of the water's flow, which can be manipulated in many ways. Apart from increasing water pressure, which is a comparatively inefficient way to increase flow velocity, this parameter can be influenced by other, more simple and more cost effective engineering solutions. It is a common principle in rocketry to increase the velocity of flow of the hot exhaust gases by a restriction of the path of flow of these gases. This is called the jet principle and has been used successfully for decades. The same principle can be used to increase the velocity of a flow of water, such as a river. In fact, where a river is forced, by the natural configuration of terrain, to flow through a narrow gorge, the velocity at the narrowest point is much higher than it is before and after the river's passage through the gorge. This effect can be utilized by finding a natural gorge or by artificially narrowing a river's bed so as to bring about an increase in water velocity. Another way to increase velocity of flow in water is to promote the formation of a longitudinal vortex. This is a rolling or spinning motion, the axis of which coincides with the direction of flow of the water. Such vortices have the property of causing an increase of the velocity of flow, and a contraction of the diameter of the space needed by the body of water. They also cause a lowering of the water's temperature and thus an increase in its density. (The highest specific density of water is reached at a temperature of + 40 C.) Water has a natural tendency to form vortices, especially if its flow is accelerated by some external influence such as gravity. We can observe this by noting the swirl with which a full bathtub or sink or any other container full of water empties, if the water is forced to flow through a pipe connected to a hole in the bottom of the container. But even a simple water faucet, releasing a flow of water, will show this same phenomenon if the water flows relatively undisturbed, without bubbles or agitation. As the water picks up speed, it forms a distinctly funnel-shaped vortex right before our eyes. A confirmation of this tendency of vortices to increase water velocity (or in other words to decrease resistance to the water's flow) comes from experiments performed in 1952 at the Technical College in Stuttgart by Prof. Franz Pöpel and Viktor Schauberger. The experiments were performed with pipes of different materials and different shapes, to determine if either materials or shapes had an influence on the resistance of the flow of water in pipes. It seems that best results were achieved with copper pipes, and that this material caused less resistance to the water's flow than even the smooth glass pipes used as comparison. But the most important datum emerging from these experiments is, that by using a certain spiral configured pipe, based on the form of the kudu antelope's horn, the friction in this pipe decreased with an increase in velocity and at a certain point, the water flowed with a negative resistance. Innovative Solar Energy Converters (ISEC) The fundamental physical limitation in production of photovoltaic (PV) cells is the decrease in efficiency as the temperature of the cell increases. The main reason for this is that more than 40% of the average absorbed photon energy ends up heating the PV cell. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems strongly depend on the temperature of photovoltaic modules. As temperatures increase, the electric power output is reduced. Trough effective artificial cooling, our innovative technologies achieved an increase of the power output of the PV modules by factor up to 2. In the part of our ISEC we apply a fluid for artificial cooling of the PV modules. By cooling the temperature of the fluid is increased. In our ISEC we used several innovative approaches to convert the effect of a resulted positive temperature difference. Although 77 percent of the sun's energy has the characteristics required for use in photovoltaic systems. This does not mean that the efficiency of cells in converting solar photons to electrons is 77% ! Unfortunately, the efficiency of photovoltaic systems is affected by temperature. As temperatures increase, the output voltage produced by sunlight is reduced which then reduces the amount of energy produced. Our photovoltaic related inventions, by effective artificial cooling, achieved a significant increase of the power output of the PV modules. They are parts of innovative water pumping facilities, PV-power plants, etc. Hybrid Wind - PV Power Technology We developed an Innovative, centered on a mast, wind-solar power installation which PV modules are mounted on the upper surface of the wind speed regulating panels that accelerated and/or decelerated the air flow before and behind of at least one wind turbine rotor, in order to maximize the energy yield of the power installation. We have increased the power output of a wind turbine model by a factor about 2.0 by means of a two horizontal wings placed at close distance to a conventional turbine rotor with horizontal axis. The basic of this technology is double use of photovoltaic panels / wind accelerators. By nights and by cloudy/wind days they accelerated the wind that concentrated to the wind turbine rotors. In the rest time a computer aided regulator maximized the power output of the hybrid installation simultaneously of both PV and wind energy production. New methodology for sizing photovoltaic-wind hybrid energy system Aerotek JSCo’s developed a new methodology for sizing photovoltaic-wind hybrid energy system with battery storage, using simulation and optimization tools. The developed model is useful for energizing remote rural areas and produces a system with minimum cost and high reliability, based on the concept of Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) applied for consecutive hours. Some scenarios are calculated and compared, using different numbers of consecutive hours and different LPSP values. As a result, a complete sizing of the system and a long-term cost evaluation are optimized. Autonomous pontoon installation for hydrogen and oxygen production This
invention relates to an energy installation structure designed
to maximize renewable energy interception, conversion and
collection for hydrogen-based fuel production and hydrogen-based
products, as well. The invention is optimized for offshore
applications. The hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are manufactured
by electrolyzing water, for example sea water or river (rain)
water, through utilization of the DC power accumulated in
battery on board of at least one pontoon. The power source is
rows of fixed to the pontoon platform close connected each other
diffuser augmented wind turbine, heliostats photovoltaic array
and counter rotating underwater turbines for river/sea currents.
The source(s) used to provide a constant supply of power which
may be used directly and is also used to drive the electrolysis
to generate hydrogen and oxygen gas from water, of which the
hydrogen is stored as gas or as metal hydrides. The oxygen gas
is pumped by electric pump(s), powered by battery, and stored in
gas-tank accumulator in the pontoon body. The accumulated energy
in gas accumulator is used to drive the water propeller(s) for
platform movement and also can be used for driving other machine
to apply work. The orientation of solar cell panel to the sun is
executed by battery powered electric drives. The orientation of
underwater turbines to the water currents is executed by
pneumatic drives powered by compressed oxygen from the gas-tank
accumulator. The moored platform, together with diffuser
augmented turbines, is self oriented to the wind direction under
the wind pressure. Each turbine rotor is covered by bird safe
grid fixed at least on the inflow diffuser side. Hybrid electric generator Problem
When wind speed is more than 14 m/s rotating generator rpm are over the constant synchronous speed. Above the synchronous speed, the electricity from the rotating generator is converted to direct current (dc) electricity and the dc electricity is converted back to alternating current (ac) electricity at a fixed unity power factor. Below synchronous speed, electricity flows to the rotor from the utility grid also at a fixed unity power factor. The current of the ac electricity is adjusted to be in phase with the utility grid voltage, wherein the ac electricity is maintained substantially at unity power factor.
Wind turbines for the built environment that exploit wind speeds around buildings have to be designed for different types of flow and low noise emission. Low noise emission is coupled to a lower tip speed of the airfoils, which brings about a more viscous flow and therefore a higher drag at the blades. Lift dominated blade design is proper for high rpm but drag dominated blade design is proper for low rpm rotors in big wind turbulence. High turbine blade number is coupled to a lower tip speed - low noise emission. Aerotek TM design approach is flexible depending on the specific wind/building environment. By changing number of blades and drag/lift relation of the blades is possible to find out the best possible technical solution - e,g to maximize power output keeping low noise turbine operation. AerotekTM
turbines are applicable as wind generators in
urban environment that air turbulence is very high and all
propeller type win machines and high speed Darrius rotors are
not suitable because of drop of efficiency and non stable
rotation..Aerotecture is all about windpower in cities:
Aerotecture = aerodynamics + architecture. The rise and fall of the sea level in many parts of the world is a vast untapped power source. The gravitational pull of the sun and moon forces the sea level to move up and down, and there have been many attempts to source electric power from this natural motion, although to date none have been effectively and widely implemented. Oscillating tidal moving is relatively slow and tidal speed varies from zero to 5 knots usually. The tidal turbines are low speed energy converters. The invented hybrid generator is applicable for tidal turbines, because it is efficient at low and high rotational turbine shaft speed without any gearboxes, as well. On these pages you can find many advanced energy solution for urban, industrial, rural and offshore environment. For more innovation see at http://tonchev.org Author and inventor: George Tonchev, Ph.D. For patent publications - see here . For further information e-mail me
39A/2, Jerusalem Blvd. 1784 Sofia, Copyrights by George Tonchev
Phone/fax +3592 8760
431,+3592 8770 481,+3598
9787 2857, Mail to:
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